Tag Archives: native-plants

What’s in Bloom Early Spring – 2026

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This post features the earliest blooming wildflowers in our valley. They are coming and going fast! It is a good time to bone-up on our botany skills – looking closely at the identifying features of not just individual species, but also some common families: Parsley, Daisy, Mustard, Pea. It also points out some of the taxonomic challenges to ID. Take your time to look closely at the photos and review the text for key ID features and then go see if you can find the species in the wild.

It is hoped that once again we can appreciate the many ways plants support other creatures from bacteria and insects to mammals and birds.  And that our wildflowers provide beauty and joy to all of us!

This information was gleaned by searching the internet using botanical names and referencing .org, .edu. and .gov, not .com or social media outlets.  Some references are linked to the script.

Appreciation goes to Wikipedia and the many university, non-profit, and government researchers and educators who strive to help us understand our world.

First Up:

Several species emerge just as the snow melts.  They use energy from small storage bulbs or corms underground to quickly sprout leaves and flowers. Over just a few weeks, fruits form, seeds are dispersed, and food is once again stored underground for the next year.

Steer’s-heads are best found by looking for the bluish-green loved leaves then the flowers.

Steer’s-head – Dicentra uniflora – is quintessentially western in appearance with two outer petals curled up into horns and two more petals forming the head of what appears to be a steer. Look for rounded-lobed, compound leaves lying almost flat to the ground and then if lucky for the 3/4” nodding pinkish flowers. Plants come and go within 4-6 weeks.

The flowers are pollinated by bumblebees which can perch and pry open the petals to efficiently effect pollination. Details on how they do so are elusive. 

Seeds are dispersed by ants which look for the fleshy (looks white) elaisomes to feed their larvae.

The 3/4” fruits develop within 14-18 days. Ants chew through the fruits to get to the seeds. Ants are attracted by the highly nutritious fleshy elaiosome attached to the seed which they feed to their larvae. Then the ants dispose of the seed itself in an organic waste pile where it germinates. This form of seed dispersal is called myrmecochory. Buried seeds germinate much more readily than those on the soil surface.

Clodius Parnassian butterflies lay their eggs near Steers-heads – the larvae depend on the foliage in the spring. The butterflies themselves will nectar on a variety of plants. Note the black antennae and gray on whitish wings.

Furthermore, Steer’s-head is the exclusive host plant of Clodius Parnassian Butterfly – Parnassius clodius. In early spring the larvae emerge from eggs nearby and start feeding on the sprouting plants for 2-3 weeks until the larvae pupate for 10 days to become butterflies. After mating rituals, the females lay their eggs near a dormant Steer’s-head—apparently they can detect the presence of plant corms resting underground with their feet. They lay their eggs nearby and the larvae develop within the eggs to emerge once snow melts again next year.

The diminutive Steer’s-heads support bees, ants, and butterflies! Much of the research on Parnassian butterfles has been here in Grand Teton National Park by Dr. Diane Debinski.

Turkey Peas – Orogenia linearifolia – are also hard-to find.

Pea-sized corms

Cranes like to eat the corms and likely turkeys if we had them.

produce 2-3” linear leaves and a quarter-sized umbel of white flowers touched with purple.

Moose poop in the background adds scale to these tiny umbels!
Fruits – which are schizocarps – are often overlook. Photo could be better.

The fruits are often over looked for good reason – they are so small and we are diverted by other flowers coming! Turkey Peas are in the Parsley/Apiaceae Family (see below).

Spring Beauties – Claytonia lanceolata – are not quite so hard to find. They grow under light shade of pines and also in sagebrush. Look for two opposite linear leaves on the stem,

and wide-open white-to-pink flowers with 5 petals. Pink lines guide pollinators toward the yellow center where there are 5 stamens with pink pollen-bearing anthers and a single pistil with 3 stigmas curled outward. These early flowers serve a variety of spring pollinators. Spring Beauties are also called Mountain Potatoes: they are considered a tasty and important food plant for indigenous peoples. Portulacacea/Montiaceae. 

Hood’s or Spiny  Phlox – Phlox hoodii – are fragrant! The mounded plants look like patches of scattered snow. Unlike the plants discussed above which rise from starchy underground bulbs or corms, this species grows from a much-branching woody root crown which forms low, tight mounds rarely over 12” wide and a few of inches high. They often do well on rocky slopes.

Hood’s phlox can be blue too. And sometimes the rocks are as beautiful as the plants.

Leaves are opposite, sharp, stiff-pointed with cobwebby hairs. 

Flowers are swirled in bud, and petals unfurl into tubular flowers which flare at the top.

The fragrance attracts insects to the location, but only long-tongued species can perch and probe down into the tube for nectar and pollen. Butterflies, moths, and skippers are primary pollinators, along with perhaps long-tongued bees. Two other species of phlox will appear soon.

Pollination note: Flower fragrance lures in pollinators from afar, then flower color helps them zero in to the exact location, and finally the flower structure and rewards of nectar and/or pollen determine the compatibility of plant and pollinator. Think about walking down a street, smelling donuts down an ally, then seeing a bright sign at the door, and walking in to select your favorite donut.

Two species of native buttercups bloom early:  

Most of us are cheered in early spring by the emergence of bright-yellow buttercups. We have two species to discern.

Sagebrush Buttercup – Ranunculus glaberrimus – usually has entire basal and upper leaves.

Roots are thin and fibrous:

Utah Buttercup – R. jovis –– has three-lobed lower leaves

Note the many yellow anthers surround many tiny pistils, as well as the 3-parted basal eaves.

and tuberous thick roots.

Here you can see clearly the 3-parted leaf and the many tiny fruitls developing from the many ovaries of the flower.

The high gloss and rich yellow of buttercups flowers is unique in the plant world. Petals have both structural and pigmentary components that produce and enhance their color, as do some bird feathers and insects; whereas, most flowers just have pigments. The morphology and physics are extremely complex, but basically buttercup petals have a unique combination of a single, smooth outer cell layer with two reflective surfaces, an air gap, a white starch layer, and carotenoid pigments. (reference).   

Also, flowers track the sun and when the sun angle is high enough, they can flash UV light to lure in insects from far away, enhancing pollination. The wide-open flowers are appealing to bees, flies, and others. The flowers’ parabolic movements can capture warmth and hence speed up pollen formation and later seed formation.

Yellowbells – Fritillaria pudica – are sprinkled across sage flats especially along the inner park road. The yellow flowers nodding on 6-8” stems appeal to low-flying insect pollinators. 

Yellowbells are in the Lily Family whose parts are in multiples of threes: 3 sepals and 3 petals that look the same and are thus called tepals, 6 anthers, and a 3-parted pistil that develops into a 3–parted dry fruit. 

Upon pollination, the 6 yellow tepals change to orange.

This color change indicates to nearby pollinators that an individual flower has been pollinated signaling to pass it by—save energy.  By pollinated plants retaining some color, they help continue to draw pollinators from a distance so that the remaining unpollinated plants in the colony have a greater opportunity for fertilization. This is termed ontogenetic color.

Within a few weeks plants will dry up and disappear. However, if pollinated, the Yellowbell forms a 3-parted-capsule which stands up straight. As it dries, it cracks open along three sutures and shakes out seeds upon the wind.

Wyoming Kittentails – Besseya/Synthris/Veronica wyomingensis – formerly in the Scrophulariaceae family now in Plantaginaceae, is a lovely, distinctive plant with a very confusing taxonomy. 

Kittentails are worthy of a close look. The flower heads or inflorescence is comprised of dozens of tiny flowers. Individual flowers have 2 small green sepals and no petals. Flower color comes from two stamens: the blue filaments stretch up, and at their tip blue anthers swell and unfurl to release pollen. The individual flowers are nested into hairy bracts below. The result are fuzzy (kitten-like?) clusters of blue with white dots. Toothed leaves spiral up the 5-6” hairy stems. The fruits are flattened and heart-shaped.   

Taxonomy of this species is challenging to say the least. The species has undergone 4 name changes. Within 5 years at the start of the 1900s, the genus name changed from Wulfenia to Syntrhis and finally to Besseya to commemorate Charles Bessey (1845-1915) an American botanist from the University of Nebraska. Bessey wrote several influential text books providing guiding principles to help standardize classification. However, recently DNA, not just structural form of flowers and fruits, has become key to analyzing genealogical relationships. Thus, as  this new information evolved, Kittentails went from the genus Besseya to Synthris to Veronica and from the Figwort/Snapdragon Family to the Plantain Family (for now).  (reference) 

Nuttall’s Violet – Viola nuttallii – is also part of a taxonomic complex with several varieties, subspecies or different species (V. praemorsa, V. vallicola) being included or excluded – arrrgh! (reference) In any case, the basal leaves are more or less oval, often hairy, and the yellow flowers are recognizable as violets: two up-facing petals, two side petals, and one lower petal.

Often there are nectar guides leading toward the back of the flower to help insects reach nectar tucked in tiny spurs beyond. By moving in and out–back and forth–against the stigma and anthers (#3 in Illus.), an insect gathers pollen, as well as nectar, and carries it to another violet plant.

The insides are more complex that first meets the eye as seen in this illustration:

See text references for (#) numbers in illustration for more explanation Source – Wikimedia Commons Paul K from Sydney, Australia, CC BY 2.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0>, via Wikimedia Commons

Nuttall’s Violet complex has yellow flowers and oblong to ovoid mostly basal leaves. The back of flower petals may be tinged in purple. Taxonomists are examining the elaborate stigmas (#4) for definitive ID.

Violets have fertile flowers which require insects to cross-fertilize. These are obvious to us and pollinators.

Cleistogamous or hidden flowers of violets

Violets also have hidden cleistogamous flowers at the base of the plants that self-fertilize. This back-up plan helps assure that there will be seeds for another generation of violets. Seeds are ejected from the 3-parted dry fruits (#5) and then dispersed by ants who seek them out for their nutritious elaiosomes.

One more thing, violets are host plants for several types of Fritillary butterfly larvae – Speyeria, Boloria spp. Eggs laid by the adults near the violet plants, hatch out larvae in spring which depend on the violet leaves to grow into butterflies.

Shooting-star – Dodocatheon conjugens – is another “belly botany” plant. Their 4-5” scapes rise from a whorl of basal leaves.  These stems are topped by several dangling flowers each with 5 pink petals swept back with rings of white then yellow accented with red at their base. This colorful target is further enhanced by the yellow then black of the stamens.

The flower is designed to attract primarily bumblebees which cling to tiny knobs at the base of the stamens belly up. The bee then buzzes its wings at a certain frequency and pollen will bounce out onto the bee’s belly.  When the bee flies to a flower where the female stigma is receptive, it will once again cling upside down, and the pollen will stick to the protruding stigma. Only certain bees have the agility and perfect wing beat to carry out this transfer. 

Note the pink petals that flare back and the white then yellow base. And the tiny red markings. This and the stamen colors serve as a bull’s-eye for bees perch upon upside down and “buzz pollinate” them.

After a flower is thus “buzz- pollinated”, a capsule will form. It will split open at the tip, and shake out seeds. 

This capsule will dry and split open at the top to shake out the tiny seeds.

Pollination note: To avoid self-pollination, many plants will produce male parts first e.g. the anthers with pollen, and then the female parts e.g. ovary with eggs; or visa versa.  The idea is that the pollen does not rub off on the nearby receptive female parts of the same flower – in breeding.  Outcrossing – mixing up genes from different individuals – provides more opportunity of success.   

 What’s in Bloom – Early Spring – Representing some common Plant Families

Over the course of the season, you will likely come across members of these common families. Recognizing the family traits enables you to look more closely at the variations in the features and narrow down identification. Also the families have interesting uses and histories.

Here we include:

Carrot/Parsley Family – Apiaceae, formerly Umbelliferae – Biscuitroots, Spring Parsley

Pea or Legume Family – Fabaceae, formerly Legumosae – Milkvetch, Locoweed

Mustard Family – Brassicaceae – formerly Cruciferae – Twinpods, Rockcress, Madwort

Aster or Daisy Family – Asteraceae, formerly Compositae – Pussytoes, Townsendia

Carrot or Parsley Family –  Apiaceae – has been recognizable since the time of the Ancient Greeks. The basic flower plan includes divided, mostly alternate leaves and tiny flowers arranged in “umbels”.  Umbels are floral structures similar to umbrella ribs: the stem comes up and then branches from this central point outwards. Flowers are arrayed at the tips.

Umbel

Flowers form fruits called “schizocarps” of various lengths, shapes, and venation that split in two with one seed for each side upon maturity. The pair can dangle from a fine coathanger-like structure. In many cases it is easier to ID the species when in fruit than in flower.

Schizocarp – split fruit held in an umbel.

Plants in this family are often distinctly fragrant due to many different chemicals – some are appealing to smell and taste, some are medicinal, and some are deadly. Anise, cilantro, dill, cumin, parsley, and fennel are just a few members of this family.  Poison Hemlock and Water Hemlock (Conium maculatum, Cicuta spp.) are deadly relatives. Other species have chemicals which can cause blistering the skin, especially when exposed to sun: our local Cow Parsnip and its much more nasty non-native cousin Hogweed can have this effect. Plants develop myriad chemicals for defense. (reference)

Biscuitroots – Lomatiums – have enlarged storage roots, many of which were once used for food by indigenous peoples, as well as being important for wildlife. Here are some early blooming biscuitroots. Leaf dissection, color, smell, flower color, and involucral bracts all help in ID. The fruits will be flat, rounded schizocarps. Some plants bloom while quite small and then keep expanding with warmer weather.

Lomatium cous root – from Web

Desert Biscuitroots – Lomatium foeniculaceum – are small plants 3-4” across, maybe 2-3” tall in early spring. They are found on dry knolls.

The stems and the leaves are bluish-gray hairy. Hairs help shade plant leaves and stems and also reduce wind to prevent water loss in dry locations such as dry knolls and slopes.

Flowers are pale yellow.

The involucels are shapely pointed and hairy. Here the fruits are beginning to form.

As they mature, fruits will slowly flatten with wide margins and low-ridged veins.

Cous Biscuitroot – Lomatium cous –  has deep-green dissected leaves often with reddish petioles and umbels of bright-yellow flowers. Plants grow about 6” across and 6” or so high. Their bright flowers are obvious near the parking lot just east of the roundabout north of Jackson.

Involucels under the umbel of Cous Bisucuitroot are relatively large and rounded.

Nine-leaf Biscuitroot – Lomatium simplex/triternatum – can be hard to find at first even though they can be quite common in sagebrush habitats. The early, pale, thin, finely hairy leaves blend in with surrounding grasses. Gradually the pale-yellow umbels will rise to 6” or so and the compound leaves will spread their 9 slender segments or lobes.

A single leaf of Nine-leaf Biscuitroot – has nine thin lobes.
Nine-leaf Biscuitroot schizocaprs – 2-parted fruits – have winged edges and a few distinct veins. They fly off on the wind.

Wyeth Biscuitroot – Lomatium ambiguum – is indeed ambiguus in its features.

The flowers are distinctly bright yellow and spread wide with no little involucel bracts beneath the flowers – a clear difference between it and Nine-leaf Biscuitroot. The compound leaves have relatively few linear segments as in Nine-leaf Biscuitroots; however, the segments are more variable in width and usually a deeper green. They have stem leaves that have expanded leaf-sheaths.

Wyeth Biscuitroots grow up to 12” or so and often can be seen in bright colonies on slopes such as along the south end of the inner park road.

Fruits are narrow, with winged margins and a few parallel nerves.

Spring Parsley – Cymopterus spp. – is  just emerging.  Different species can easily be confused with biscuitroots and many come out later.  The fruits are a key difference: Schizocarps are winged on their veins, but these can take a while to fully mature. 

Rarely seen, Long-stalked Spring Parsley – Cymopterus longipes – has distinctively tidy divided leaves that are almost blue.

The leaves lay flat to the ground with a white umbel in the center. However, all will rise: A pseudo-scape elongates from the ground raising the whorl of leaves up several inches while the flower scape also elongates several inches.

The winged fruits will thus be lifted up into the winds to disperse.

I have seen them growing in the red clay on an exposed slope near the beaver ponds of Game Creek, and much later in summer on Teton Pass. 

Note how much the pseudoscape has stretched beneath the formerly basal-looking leaves and how the umbel has stretched above the leaves. This is definitely a dried up example.

The Pea family – Fabaceae – The family is usually pretty easy to identify by its “pea-like” flowers. The flowers are bilaterally symmetrical (like our faces), each has an upright banner, often with nectar guides; a keel made up of two joined petals which hide and protect the male stamens and female pistils; and wings that more or less wrap around the keel from the sides. When insects land and push to the back of the banner for nectar, the fertile parts pop up from within the keel, thus aiding in the transfer of pollen of one flower to a mature stigma on another flower.

https://www.wildflowers-and-weeds.com/Plant_Families/Fabaceae.htm

The fruits will typically be pea-pod like. Inside the keel and stamens, you can see the elongated ovary which contains several ovules that will form seeds with fertilization.

The Pea Family is important in many ways. Members of this family fix-nitrogen. Roots form round nodules to harbor rhizobia bacteria. The plant provides bacteria with carbohydrates while in exchange bacteria convert the plentiful but useless (to plants) dinitrogen (N2) in the air, including air pockets in the soil, to ammonia (NH 3) that  plants and most organisms need for survival.  Thus members of the Pea Family can grow in very poor soils and also enrich soils for other plant species and many other life forms. (reference)

Nodules harboring nitrogen-fiixing bacteria in the Pea Family credit

Given the ability to fix nitrogen which in turn produces proteins, nucleic acids, and DNA, the fruits – legumes – and seeds are especially nutritious as we know from eating peas, beans, soybeans, etc. On the other hand, some plants in the Astragalus and Oxytropis genera are termed locoweeds. Locoweeds contain an alkaloid, swainsonine, that affects the nervous systems of animals. (Reference)

The Pea Family – is the third largest plant family in the world with two other major branches whose flowers look different than what we see here. 

Pursh’s Milkvetch’s – Astragalus purshii – pea-shaped flowers are creamy white, the wings are longer than the keel, and the keel is upturned and tipped with purple.

Leaves are hairy and pinnately compound.

The fruit is a small, tough, very hairy, sharply tapering pod.  Astragalus is the most common genus in Teton County and in the world.

Pursh’s Millkvetch seeds in a pod.

Hare’s-foot Locoweed – Oxytropis lagopus – has a recognizable pea-like, magenta flower. The banner grades from bright magenta to white at the base.

Look closely for the straight keel of Oxytropis flowers.

The keel points straight out.  I think of an ox as in Oxytropis –  goring you!

The calyx surrounding much of the pod is covered in long white hairs with short black hairs underneath. Leaves are usually less than 4″. They are more commonly collected in Teton County than a very similar, but larger Oxytropus besseyi which has fewer hairs on the calyx.

The Mustard Family – Brassicaceae – includes cabbage, broccoli, kale, cauliflower which are all referred to as brassicas. Flowers typically have 4 sepals, 4 petals, 6 anthers: 4 long, 2 short, and a central pistil. Fruits are highly variable.  The short squat fruits (<3x as long as wide) are referred to as “silicles”, and the longer ones are “siliques” – think sleek siliques. There are many, many mustards, and ultimate ID can be based not only on details of the mature fruits, but also of hairs (trichomes)!  Many species are known to hybridize, too, so all-in-all mustards can be hard to ID. Below are three species in bloom right now whose fruits will exhibit the range of fruit shapes. 

Rockcresses – Boechera spp – definitely have a complex. The authoritative Flora of North America states that Boechera is the most complex genus in all North America! 

Furthermore, a rust fungus – Puccinia monoica – growing on immature plants can fool insects and us into thinking the plant is in bloom–right when we botanists are desperate for spring color.

The fungus alters the development process not only to have the same bright yellow colors and shape of many spring flowers including buttercups, but also to exude appealing fragrances and sugar rewards. This mimicry enables spores to be deliberately spread by pollinators to other host plants. (reference)

Here I hazard to say that the species shown is Boechera retrofracta, which currently combines several species (P. exilis, holboeillii) listed in Dorn’s Vascular Plant of Wyoming. Note the elongated descending fruits, are siliques – truly “sleek siliques”.

Desert Madwort – Alyssum desertorum – is a winter annual introduced from Europe and Asia on for its purported medicinal values: to cure hiccups, mental illness, and rabies  “A-lyssum” means “away madness”. It can be plentiful in disturbed sites, such as around parking areas and along roadsides. (Reference) The species has been naturally incorporated into the diets of pronghorn and harvester ants with no known ill effects.

The yellowish flowers cluster along the upper 3-4” stem and produce flat, rounded, smooth fruits – silicles. Note the intricate hairs.

  • Twinpods – Physaria spp. – have bright yellow flowers and often silvery spade-shaped leaves. The hairs are star-like – stellate – which are fun to see with a 10x handlens.  Positive ID needs to await until the fruits are fully ripe.

Found on dry knolls and slopes near Kelly, the species above appears to be forming flatish small fruits. As such it used to be in the Bladderpod – Lesquerella genus before the two genera were combined into Twinpods – Physaria spp. But again we have to wait and see. (And find the same plants again!)

In this Twinpod species the fruits are ballon-like. The number of seeds inside is a key ID feature. This is Physaria acutifolia or P. didymocarpa, but the fruits need to be dissected. In any case the fruits are cool!

Lowly early members of the Aster/Daisy Family – Asteraceae.  The old name for this family was Compositae referring to the fact that many small flowers rest on a platform surrounded by protective bracts to form a flower head. Sunflowers are a classic example. Being the largest plant family in the world, composites have almost infinite variations on this theme. Here are two quite different species seen in early spring.

Low Pussytoes – Antennaria dimorpha – is our earliest and smallest pussytoes in the county. Mats of silvery hairy leaves almost hide the single flower heads.

Most of the flowers of Low Pussytoes are female and can self-fertilize. Otherwise, wind, bees, butterflies, and moths help transport pollen to the female flowers on separate plants.

Fruits are almost ready to disperse on the wind with the aid of silky hairs, techincally a pappus, or “fluff”.

Tucked tight among rocks on dry slopes – Common Townsendia – Townsendii leptodes – is slowly opening its substantial, stemless flower heads. The outer petal-like white-to-pinkish ray flowers surround many yellow “disc” flowers.

The pointed bracts that protect each head are neatly overlapping like shingles on a roof. The silvery leaves are oblong, slightly hairy and bunched close to the ground. 

As with the many members of the Aster Famiily, dandelions included, the fruits will fly off on a hairy pappus.

Tap roots extend deeply not only to reach much needed water, but also to anchor the plants on the steep slopes. Watch your step, please. These plants are hard to see and may be dozens of years old.

This old plant was dislodged along a steep rocky informal track.

The flowers in this posting may have come and gone in the southern part of the valley, but may still be seen at higher elevations or in northern parts of the park. It’s hard to keep up!  We hope this post helps you to look, and to look again carefully to fully appreciate the wonder of plants. 

Very soon many more flowers will open to greet pollinators – we will try to keep you posted. 

Enjoy!

Teton Plants

As always, your comments and corrections are most welcome. We want to be as accurate as possible without being too technical.  Thank you.

4.29.26 – FHC

What’s in Fruit? – Late Summer 2025 – Part II: Dried Fruits:

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Not all fruits are brightly colored and juicy. (see “What’s in Fruit? – Late Summer 2025 – Part 1: Fleshy Fruits”). Seeds have different strategies for dispersal: Flying off on the wind, hitching a ride on fur and clothing, using gravity to settle down, and/or being ejected away from their parent plant. Luck is an essential component of seed dispersal and success.

Here are some examples of dispersal strategies. Enjoy looking at the details of how plants work.

Fruits that Stick:

Some fruits have little hooks like velcro – the notorious invasive Houndstongue – Cynoglossum officinale – is one such species.

Yet, another is the pesky native appropriately called Jessica Stickseed – Hackelia micrantha.

Sweet Cicely – Osmorhiza chiliensis – fruits are called schizocarps e.g. split fruits. This is typical of the Parsley Family. In this woodland species, fruits are sharply pointed and have stiff hairs to stab and grab you.

Fly on Wings:

Related to Sweet Cicely above, is the very large Cow Parsnip – Heracleum spondylium. It too has schizocarps held out in umbels – umbrella like structures. However, its schizocarps are flat and very thin so they skim off on the wind.

Upon a close look you can see how the two sides of the schizocarp are held together by a delicate filament. It is surprising how long these fruits will hang out there amidst the breezes. Also, note the darker seed inside inside each half. And to the upper right, you can see the left-over filaments–so very delicate looking, but sturdy.

Rocky Mountain Maples – Acer glabrum – have structures called samaras. The male flowers (below) are borne on separate tall shrubs (usually)

from those with female flowers. Below you can see the two-parted stigma of the female flower ready to receive pollen.

After the ovules are fertilized, the samara develops with two enclosed seeds, each with a wing derived from the ovary.

As children we used to watch the dried fruits break away from their branches and helicopter down to earth. Various birds particularly white-crowned sparrows and finches are known to eat the samaras, and moose, elk, mule deer browse heavily on maple shrubs.

In the Legume or Pea Family, Western Sweetvetch – Hedysarum occidentale – has flattened pods with segments called loments. When the loments dry, the segments break apart and are free to fly – like frisbees on the wind. You can see the silhouettes of the bean-shaped seeds within sections of the loment fruit.

Fly on Fluff

Spires of fireweed are spectacular at this time of year with their long seed pods splitting, curling, and releasing 100s of seeds upon the breeze. Each seed has a bit of fluff – non-technical term – at the tip.

You may perhaps come across the twining Western Blue Virgin’s Bower – Clematis occidentalis. Growing primarily in the shade, it is a woody vine with 3-parted leaves.

The individual fruits are derived from individual pistils/carpels typical of the Buttercup Family. Fruits – technically achenes – have one seed inside and are covered in long hairs. The wind will help pry the seeds form the tangle and fly off free.

The Aster Family, covered in the last “What’s in bloom – mid August 2025”, produces fruits termed cypselas (vs. achenes) that are formed from the inferior ovary of each tiny flower. Each flower produces only one seed. Many have a pappus of fine hairs (e.g. fluff) that carries the fruits off on the wind. 

Hairy False Golden Aster – Heterotheca villosa – has hairy cypselas each with a pappus of fine hairs at the top. Note there are many fruits on the platform, typical of the Aster/Composite Family.

Dandelions, asters, goldenrods, rabbitbrushes and many more have this method of dispersal, including the highly invasive Musk Thistle – Carduus nutans.

Habitat Heroes, trained and organized by the Teton County Weed and Pest – Meta Dittmer – and TC Conservation District – Morgan Graham, have in deed done heroic work clearing out thistles up Game Creek and other areas around the valley. More volunteers welcome! Contact Meta Dittmer.

Growing amidst mountain sagebrush and rabbitbushes in dry habitats, 1-2′ shrubs of Spineless Horsebrush – Tetradymia canescens – stand out at this time of year. They have silvery pubescent stems and leaves topped by plumose heads of

cypselas covered in fine long hairs. These fruits are dispersed on the wind.

It is fun to pull out the handlens and see the variation in the cypselas: look at the pappus and other coverings of the fruits of the Aster Family. These details help taxonomists determine the different species of this world-wide family–the largest plant family on Earth except perhaps the Orchid Family.

Birds and Gravity – (pluck and drop)

Other composite fruits have scale-like projections at the top of each cypsela. Its not clear whether this helps the cypsela hitchhike on passers-by or perhaps to deter marauders from getting to the tender fruits below. Five-nerved Little-sunflowers – Helianthella quinquenerva – is an interesting example.

The cypselas are dark with a bit of a brush at the tips (technically a pappus of the non-fluff style). The lighter, flimsier, scale-like structures surrounding them are technically called paleae (palea singular), and are not part of the fruit itself. In this case, the paleae likely serve as barricades to insects wanting to eat the nutritious seeds.

Other cypselas nestle deep inside stiff, sharp paleae as seen in Arrowleaf Balsamroots – Balsamorhiza sagittata. Look closely in the center and you will see the squarish-shaped tops of the cypselas. The sharp dividers are the paleae.

Being able to separate the fruits from the paleae is helpful when collecting seeds for restoration projects, as do the Grand Teton National Park volunteers. These Seed Heroes, led by Jasmine Cutter, have been harvesting these and other seed this summer for habitat restoration. If you wish to volunteer, contact Jasmine Cutter:

These types of fruits are often plucked out by birds, shaken out by wind, or just dropped when the heads fall apart.  

Fruits of Western or Rayless Coneflower  – Rudbeckia occidentale – sit up on the cone-like central platform – receptacle – and are distributed by birds and gravity. Interestingly, it appears that the short, tough, paleae hold the fruits in place.

Shake Outs:

Some dried fruits split open and shake out the seeds, often over time. Landing at different intervals helps increase chances of success, depending on the seed’s germination needs regarding moisture and timing.

Look for Lewis’ flax –  Linum lewisii – where the capsules split apart.

Monkshood – Aconitum columbianum – have smooth follicles that gradually split open and shake out tiny rough seeds.

They look very similar to the fruits their relative Tall Delphinium/Larkspur – Delphinium occidentale – except Monkshood fruits are smooth on hairy stems. Larkspur fruits are finely hairy,

and the stems are smooth with a bluish-gray covering that can be rubbed off (glaucous) and the lobed leaves are stalked.

Also in the Buttercup Family, Colorado Columbine – Aquilegia coerulea – have three-parted dry fruits with seeds inside.

The mouth-like dried fruits of Louseworts – Pedicularis spp. – release seeds a few at a time. Below is Large Lousewort – P. procera – seen around Wally’s World and Game Creek. Look for other Lousewort fruits, as well.

Leopard Lily – Fritillaria atropurpurea – are clearly seed shakers.

Below is the globe-like, dry fruit of non-native White Campion – Silene latifolia. White Campions have separate male and female plants.

The dried petals and firm ovary form an elegant cup

that shakes out seeds.

As these plants are primarily annuals, they depend on these seeds for their future.

You can see the resemblance to its much smaller native relative Ballhead Sandwort – Eremogone congesta, also in the Pink or Caryophyllaceae Family. Both flowers and fruits provide details of family connections.

A couple more to look for:

Orchids, such as this Coralroot – Corallorhiza spp. – have dust like seeds easily scattered by the lightest breeze.

Orchid seeds rely on mycorrhizal fungi to nurture the the embryo. As this genus does not have chlorophyll, it also depends on different mycorrhizae to support adult plants.

Dried fruits of Pinedrops – Pterospora andromedea – slowly break apart and release

spectacular seeds – if you can see them. Each tiny seed is attached to a membranous wing to aid their flight to new ground. A 10x handlens reveals their delicate nature better than a camera.

As these 3-4′ plants have no chlorophyll they rely on mycorrhizal fungi to relay nutrients from various coniferous host plants.

Fruits that Fling:

Sticky geranium – Geranium viscossissimum – flowers each produce a total 5 or more seeds, usually 1-2 nestled in each of 5 separate compartments of the ovary at the base of the pistil. When the ovary begins to dry, tension builds up, the style splits apart, curls, and literally catapults the seeds several feet beyond.

Our native lupines – Lupinus spp. – are in the Pea or Legume Family/Fabaceae. As with our edible peas and beans, lupines have pods with several individual seeds inside. In lupines, these pods dry, twist, split, and eject the hard seeds beyond the parent plant.  Do not eat the seeds. Our species of lupine are poisonous – including its foliage and even more so the seeds. 

Over the next few weeks, see how many different fruits you can find, and try to figure the modes of seed dispersal.

Botanizing is fun in fall.

Frances Clark, September 1, 2025

As always, comments and corrections are most welcome.

What’s in bloom in late-June! 2025 – blossoms come and go fast!

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Everything appears to be in bloom!! The sagebrush steppe habitat and butte slopes are full of Sulphur Buckwheat, Sticky Geraniums, lupines, Scarlet Gilia, and yellow composites such as Little Sunflowers!  One may call it a superbloom spring!

It has been hard to keep up (some of the info below is now dated)–the show keeps on changing! Some flowers in the south end of Jackson Hole and Grand Teton National Park may be fading while the same species are fresh in the north-end of the park up through Rockefeller Parkway. Yellowstone National Park roadsides are also flourishing. Below are the most common species seen right now.

This has been an exceptional year for Arrowleaf Balsamroot – Balsamorhiza sagittata – which has been going strong these past couple of weeks on Signal Mountain, around Antelope Flats, and along Grand Teton park road, everywhere! They have arrow-shaped, grayish hairy leaves and flower heads arise from the base of the plants.

In some areas the flowers are already producing seeds that will feed birds, small mammals, and insects. The heads themselves may be alive with different grubs.

Its less common cousin, Mule’s-ears – Wyethia amplexicaulis – is coming into even bolder bloom with deeper orange-yellow flowers and dark green, oval smooth leaves near the northwest end of Blacktail Butte near the bike path, and in spots by the Oxbow Bend, and slopes elsewhere. Flowers and leaves alternate up stems and the surrounding protective bracts of the heads are greener and smooth compared to balsamroot.

Single-flowered Little Sunflower – Helianthella unfilfora – is filling in where balsamroot is fading. The truly “sunflower” looking heads are borne singly on top of 2-3′-high stems with alternating-to-opposite leaves, usually with 3 clear nerves.

It is fascinating to see the individual flowers (remember “composite” flowers have many, many little flowers on a platform forming a “head”) start blooming from the outside edge and spiral toward the center over time. Look up “fibonacci sequence”.

Tucked down under the taller yellow composites are 6-8″ Woolly Sunflowers – Eriophyllum lantatum.

The bracts surrounding the head of both broad ray flowers and smaller disc flowers – are indeed woolly.

Common associates at their peak right include creamy heads of Sulphur Buckwheat – Eriogonum umbellatum. Note the more-or-less oval leaves form mats at the base, Their top surface is green, the underside pale hairy.

A ring or collar of leaves subtends the whorls of flowers arranged in an umbel. There are several other buckwheats in the valley, but these are the most common.

Blue-to-pink Sticky Geraniums – Geranium viscossissimum – are especially abundant this spring! The wide-open flowers attract generalist pollinators: its easy for different sizes and types of flying insects to land on the broad platform formed by the petals. Fine “nectar guides” or lines direct pollinators to the center where the nectar lies.

When nudging into the center, the insect may get pollen dumped upon it from the 10 over-arching male anthers (upper right flower). Going on to a more mature flower, the insect may rub against one of the 5 sticky female stigmas (left flower) at the top the female pistils, thereby pollinating the flower. The pollen grain will be stimulated to grow by the chemistry of the stigma, grow a tube down the style to the base where the sperm will fertilize the egg inside the ovary.

Once fertilized, the seed will begin to form, later to be catapulted by the dried fruit into the beyond.

Elsewhere, there are bunches of white-to-blue-to pinkish Longleaf Phlox – Phlox longifolia – with 6-8″ stems and narrow opposite leaves. All phlox species are extremely fragrant, attracting pollinators.

Our three common lupines are extending their spires of pea-like blue flowers in different habitats. 

Meadow Lupine – Lupinus polyphyllus var. humicola – grows most often on relatively rocky, well-drained sites. The leaves may have 7-12 leaflets and the flowers are wide open with bold white spots at their base to guide in pollinators. As with other lupines, once pollinated the spot may become purple to signal to the pollinator to pass-it by–the nectar is gone or dried up.

Note this is our native species, not the cultivated hybrid cousin Lupinus polyphyllus var. polyphyllus – which has become invasive not only in the U.S., but also into Europe and Asia. 

The invasive flowers are larger, the palmate leaves have 9-17 leaflets, and the flowers have no fragrance.  

Silky Lupine – Lupinus sericeus – has silvery, hairy leaves and also hairs on the back of the upright “banner” petal. 

The silvery hairs help to reflect intense light and reduce water loss, an adaptation for growing out on the sunny sageflats. 

Silvery Lupine  – Lupinus argenteus – often forms an understory in lodgepole pine forests, such as seen along Moose-Wilson Road and Signal Mountain. Its leaves are much less hairy and the back of the banner is hairless.

Low Larkspur – Delphinum nuttalianum – has been blooming strong over the past few weeks.  Early-arriving hummingbirds hover in front of the flowers, extend their tongues deep into the back of the petal spurs to get nectar that fuels their flight. So doing, the birds get a shower of male pollen on their heads.  When going on to a more mature flower, the hummingbird may reach again into the long tube for nectar, thereby, dropping off the pollen upon three protruding female stigmas. Once the flower is pollinated, it is ready to form seeds inside three maturing capsules! Large bumblebees with long probosci are active pollinators as well.

Lewis’ Flax‘s – Linum lewisii – sky-blue flowers wave about on thin but particularly strong 1-1.5′ stems. Its European relative – Linum usitatissimum (translated as “most useful”) – was one of the first fiber plants. It was used by the Phoenicians to make canvas sails and Egyptians to wrap mummies before burials in pyramids. Later peoples created a more refined linen and manufactured day-to-day linoleum and linseed oil. North American natives used Lewis’ Flax also for cordage and the seeds for health purposes. Bees and flies are common pollinators.

Scarlet Gilia – Ipomopsis aggregata –  is remarkably abundant this year. The bright-red tubular flowers are particularly alluring to hummingbirds who readily see red, unlike many insects.  Again, the acrobatic hummingbird hovers, extends its tongue way back into the tube, laps up nectar, and concurrently bonks its head gathering up pollen grains which at another flower the bird bumps off onto an extended stigma.

Later flowers may be paler in an appeal to moths which also can hover and have long probosci – mouth parts – to reach deep into the tubes. After flowering, plants may or may not survive another year, but the seeds will form rosettes that can survive over winter and increase in size over a couple of years.

Members of the Parsley Family continue to spread their umbels. Bright-yellow sprays of Spring Parsley – Lomatium ambiguum – still lace the flats and slopes to the north.

Also, look for the the pale-yellow Nine-leaf Biscuitroot – Lomatium simplex.

Lomatium seeds are flattened “schizocarps”–they will split and the two halves held out on a little hanger until they fly off on the wind.

Delicate white umbels of Bolander’s Yampah – Perideridia bolanderi – are thick along the north end of Moose-Wilson Road.

They differ from the later blooming, more common Mountain or Gairdner’s Yampah – P. montana/gairdneriii  – in their leaf-shape—more dissected, swollen petiole, and relatively elongate fruits. 

The swollen roots of yampah and biscuit-roots are important forage for ground squirrels, pocket gophers, bears, and more.

Hawksbeards – Crepis sp. – are shooting up bunches of “liguate” flower heads above groups of mostly basal groups of deeply lobed, grayish leaves. Tapertip Hawksbeard – Crepis acuminata – is one of several local species.

Shrubs are also coming and going:

Utah Snowberry – Symphiocarpus oreophilus var. utahensis is blooming in the sage flats and up on Munger Mountain.  

Other shrubs have attracted the attention of pollinators, but are fading fast: The highly fragrant yellow flowers of Antelopebrush – Purshia tridentata – attract dozens of bees. Note the leaves are dark green on top and hairy and lighter on the underside of the .5-1” -long, three-lobed leaves. (compare with sagebrush).

The fruits will be dry capsules that will split open to release seeds in the fall–critters from ants to small rodents thrive on these seeds and help plant them. Moose heavily browse plants in fall and winter. It also provides for many other insects and larger wildlife.

Surprisingly to this botanist, Antelopebrush “fixes nitrogen”–I think of the Pea Family as excelling at such, whereas the Rose Family is known for producing many of the fruits we and the wildlife eat, However, a few members of the large Rose Family in Teton County – our alpine Mountain Avens – Dryas octopetala – and our cliffhanger Mountain Mahogony – Cercocarpus lediflfolius – also fix nitrogen. So much to learn about plans!

Antelopebrush plants (dark green) often mingle with silvery Mountain Big Sagebrushes – Artemisia tridentata var. vaseyana, which won’t extend their wind-pollinated flower stalks until fall. However, at this time, look for galls growing on the fresh, fragrant silvery leaves—galls are made from plant cells that are stimulated by the deposit of the eggs of gall midges. (Two good references – WenatcheeNaturalist and BodieHills.)

The insect chews or injects compounds similar to the plant’s hormones. In this case, the plant cells are redirected to form a globular safe-haven for the tiny gall larvae growing slowly inside. Over 32 midge and aphid species can stimulate sagebrush to form galls in our region. The one above looks like the sponge gall midge – Rhopalomyia pomum.

This has also been an abundant flowering year for Serviceberry – Amelanchier alnifolia, and

more recently Chokecherry – Prunus virginiana. This bodes well for an abundance of berries for bears come August and September. 

While all seems overwhelming now, there are yet more flowers to come. Enjoy being outside as much as you can!

Frances Clark

Wilson, Wyoming

As always, questions and corrections are welcome. Email tetonplants@gmail.com, and we will respond when we aren’t out looking at plants!

(Original posting on 7.26.26 was corrected on 7.28.26)